{"id":6876,"date":"2025-03-01T13:37:30","date_gmt":"2025-03-01T08:07:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.isid.ac.in\/~cecfee\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=6876"},"modified":"2025-12-10T13:37:45","modified_gmt":"2025-12-10T08:07:45","slug":"the-landscape-of-self-employment-in-india-trends-constraints-and-policy-prescriptions","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/www.isid.ac.in\/~cecfee\/publication\/the-landscape-of-self-employment-in-india-trends-constraints-and-policy-prescriptions\/","title":{"rendered":"The Landscape of Self-employment in India \u2013 Trends, Constraints and Policy Prescriptions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>This paper assesses the structure and quality of self-employment in India, over several decades. India, historically, has had a much larger share of workers who are self-employed and a smaller proportion of wage and salaried workers. This structure of labour force participation has not shifted much in decades. In recent years, the proportion of self-employed has risen relative to the pre-pandemic era, and much more so for women. At the same time, significant underemployment accompanies low earnings of the self-employed. The paper highlights three key constraints for improving the quality of or transitioning out of self-employment\u2014vocational skilling, access to formal credit and legal support for entrepreneurship. It concludes by discussing the implications of technological change and digitisation for self-employment and the need for reforming the legal framework of self-employment in India.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}}},"member-author":[111],"publication-type":[174],"publication-year":[132],"research-theme":[99],"class_list":["post-6876","publication","type-publication","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","member-author-farzana-afridi","publication-type-article","publication-year-132","research-theme-others"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.isid.ac.in\/~cecfee\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/6876","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.isid.ac.in\/~cecfee\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.isid.ac.in\/~cecfee\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.isid.ac.in\/~cecfee\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/6876\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6877,"href":"https:\/\/www.isid.ac.in\/~cecfee\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/6876\/revisions\/6877"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.isid.ac.in\/~cecfee\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6876"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"member-author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.isid.ac.in\/~cecfee\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/member-author?post=6876"},{"taxonomy":"publication-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.isid.ac.in\/~cecfee\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication-type?post=6876"},{"taxonomy":"publication-year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.isid.ac.in\/~cecfee\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication-year?post=6876"},{"taxonomy":"research-theme","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.isid.ac.in\/~cecfee\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/research-theme?post=6876"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}